Clean-energy technologies are more minerals-intensive to build than their fossil-fuel counterparts.
The growth of clean energy will rapidly raise demand for a set of key minerals.
Mining and processing of those minerals are geographically concentrated, often in countries with weak labor and environmental protections.
Mineral mines and processing facilities often pollute water, scar landscapes and impoverish communities.
Production may not be able to expand fast enough to keep up with demand, which could cause supply constrictions and price fluctuations and slow the transition away from fossil fuels.
